chore(deploy): cleanup left4me-web hardening + docs for kernel overlayfs

Drop MountFlags=shared (the assumption that it propagated fuse mounts
to host was incorrect on systemd 257 with ProtectSystem+ReadWritePaths).
Restore PrivateTmp=true (was dropped in 593611e for fuse propagation
that did not work). Rewrite the comment block to describe the new
model: mounts go through the left4me-overlay helper which nsenters
into PID 1's mount namespace, so the unit's mount-ns layout is no
longer load-bearing.

Update the three user-facing READMEs (root, l4d2host, deploy) to drop
fuse-overlayfs / fusermount3 prereqs and call out the kernel overlayfs
mount path through the privileged helper.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

README.md

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ See `deploy/README.md` for the Linux test deployment contract, including the run
 - Typer, PyYAML, pytest
 - Flask, SQLAlchemy, Alembic
 - HTMX (vendored locally), custom CSS, SSE
-- systemd user units, fuse-overlayfs, steamcmd
+- systemd units, kernel overlayfs (mounted via the `left4me-overlay` privileged helper), steamcmd
 
 ## Recommended Implementation Order
 

deploy/README.md

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The deployment uses these paths:
 - `/var/lib/left4me/runtime`: per-instance runtime mount directories.
 - `/var/lib/left4me/tmp`: temporary files used by deployment/runtime operations.
 - `/usr/local/lib/systemd/system`: global systemd unit files, including `left4me-server@.service`.
-- `/usr/local/libexec/left4me`: privileged helper commands, including `left4me-systemctl` and `left4me-journalctl`.
+- `/usr/local/libexec/left4me`: privileged helper commands, including `left4me-systemctl`, `left4me-journalctl`, and `left4me-overlay` (the latter mounts the per-instance kernel overlay in PID 1's mount namespace via `nsenter`).
 - `/etc/sudoers.d/left4me`: sudoers rules allowing the web/runtime commands to call the helpers non-interactively.
 
 Static units are generated for `/var/lib/left4me`. If `LEFT4ME_ROOT` changes, regenerate and reinstall the unit files instead of reusing the existing static units.

deploy/files/usr/local/lib/systemd/system/left4me-web.service

@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ EnvironmentFile=/etc/left4me/web.env
 ExecStart=/opt/left4me/.venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 1 --threads 32 --bind 0.0.0.0:8000 'l4d2web.app:create_app()'
 Restart=on-failure
 RestartSec=3
-# NoNewPrivileges intentionally not set: the worker invokes fusermount3
+# NoNewPrivileges intentionally not set: the worker invokes sudo to run
-# (setuid-root) and sudo to run the systemctl wrapper.
+# the left4me-systemctl, left4me-journalctl, and left4me-overlay
-# ProtectSystem=full + ReadWritePaths implicitly give this unit a
+# privileged helpers, all setuid via sudo.
-# private mount namespace. MountFlags=shared makes its mount events
+# ProtectSystem=full + ReadWritePaths implicitly give this unit a private
-# propagate back to the host so per-instance fuse-overlayfs mounts are
+# mount namespace, but mount visibility no longer depends on it: overlay
-# visible to the gameserver units (which inherit host mounts at their
+# mounts are performed by the left4me-overlay helper, which nsenters into
-# own unshare time). Without it, the per-instance mount only exists
+# PID 1's mount namespace, so the resulting mount lives in the host
-# inside the worker's namespace and the gameserver units fail CHDIR.
+# namespace where the per-instance gameserver units can see it.
 ProtectSystem=full
 ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/left4me
-MountFlags=shared
+PrivateTmp=true
 
 [Install]
 WantedBy=multi-user.target

deploy/tests/test_deploy_artifacts.py

@@ -37,11 +37,17 @@ def test_web_unit_contains_required_runtime_contract():
     assert "ExecStart=/opt/left4me/.venv/bin/gunicorn" in unit
     assert "--workers 1" in unit
     assert "--threads 32" in unit
+    # NoNewPrivileges must remain unset because sudo (used by the overlay,
+    # systemctl and journalctl helpers) is setuid.
     assert "NoNewPrivileges=true" not in unit
-    assert "PrivateTmp=true" not in unit
+    # Restored now that fuse-overlayfs propagation is no longer the mechanism.
+    assert "PrivateTmp=true" in unit
     assert "ProtectSystem=full" in unit
     assert "ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/left4me" in unit
-    assert "MountFlags=shared" in unit
+    # Mounts now happen in PID 1's namespace via the left4me-overlay helper,
+    # so MountFlags propagation is irrelevant — and the previous assumption
+    # that MountFlags=shared made it work was incorrect.
+    assert "MountFlags=" not in unit
 
 
 def test_server_unit_contains_required_runtime_contract():

l4d2host/README.md

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Validated on Debian 13 during the `ckn@10.0.4.128` smoke test:
 - Python 3.12+ with virtualenv/pip tooling for installing `l4d2host`.
 - `steamcmd` available on `PATH` and able to self-update as the runtime user.
 - 32-bit compatibility libraries for SteamCMD on amd64 Debian: `libc6-i386`, `lib32gcc-s1`, `lib32stdc++6`.
-- `fuse-overlayfs` and `fusermount3` for per-instance overlay mounts.
+- Kernel overlayfs (`mount -t overlay`); mount/umount go through the `left4me-overlay` privileged helper, which `nsenter`s into PID 1's mount namespace.
 - `systemctl --user` and `journalctl --user` available for the runtime user.
 - User lingering enabled when services must survive SSH sessions: `sudo loginctl enable-linger <user>`.
 - `/var/lib/left4me` created and writable by the runtime user, unless `LEFT4ME_ROOT` is set to another deployment-managed root.
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get install -y \
   python3 python3-venv python3-pip \
   curl ca-certificates tar gzip \
-  fuse-overlayfs fuse3 \
+  util-linux \
   libc6-i386 lib32gcc-s1 lib32stdc++6
 
 sudo mkdir -p /opt/steamcmd /var/lib/left4me/{installation,overlays,instances,runtime,tmp}